What Was Invented In 1876

Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bong in a 1926 silent film. Shows Bong's get-go telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia.

This history of the telephone chronicles the evolution of the electrical telephone, and includes a brief overview of its predecessors. The first phone patent was granted to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

Phone prehistory [edit]

Mechanical and acoustic devices [edit]

A 19th century acoustic can or "lovers' phone"

Before the invention of electromagnetic telephones, mechanical audio-visual devices existed for transmitting voice communication and music over a greater distance. This altitude was greater than that of normal direct speech. The earliest mechanical telephones were based on sound manual through pipes or other physical media.^[1] The acoustic tin can phone, or "lovers' phone", has been known for centuries.^[1] It connects two diaphragms with a taut string or wire, which transmits sound by mechanical vibrations from one to the other along the wire (and not by a modulated electric electric current). The classic example is the children's toy made by connecting the bottoms of two newspaper cups, metal cans, or plastic bottles with tautly held cord.^[1] ^[2]

Some of the earliest known experiments were conducted by the British physicist and polymath, Robert Hooke, from 1664 to 1685.^[1] ^[3] An acoustic cord phone was non fabricated in 1667.^[iv] An early version was likewise found in use by the Chimu in Peru. The gourd and stretched-hide version resides in the Smithsonian Museum collection and dates back to around the 7th century AD.^[5]

For a few years in the late 1800s, audio-visual telephones were marketed commercially every bit a competitor to the electrical telephone. When the Bell phone patents expired and many new telephone manufacturers began competing, acoustic phone makers chop-chop went out of business concern. Their maximum range was very limited.^[2] An example of one such company was the Pulsion Telephone Supply Visitor created past Lemuel Mellett in Massachusetts, which designed its version in 1888 and deployed information technology on railroad right-of-ways.

Additionally, speaking tubes have long been common, specially within buildings and aboard ships, and they are still in use today.^[6]

Electric devices [edit]

The telephone emerged from the making and successive improvements of the electrical telegraph. In 1804, Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo synthetic an electrochemical telegraph.^[seven] The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in 1816 and used static electricity.^[viii] An electromagnetic telegraph was created by Businesswoman Schilling in 1832. Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber congenital another electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen. At the Academy of Gottingen, the two had been working together in the field of magnetism. They built the first telegraph to connect the observatory and the Institute of physics, which was able to ship viii words per minute.^[9]

Bell prototype telephone stamp
Centennial Issue of 1976

The electrical telegraph was first commercialized past Sir William Fothergill Cooke and entered use on the Great Western Railway in England. It ran for 13 mi (21 km) from Paddington station to Due west Drayton and came into operation on Apr ix, 1839.

Another electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 past Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. America'south first telegraph was sent past Morse on January 6, 1838, across 2 miles (3 km) of wiring.

Invention of the telephone [edit]

Credit for the invention of the electric phone is often disputed, and new controversies over the issue have arisen from time to time. Antonio Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell, and Elisha Gray amongst others, have all been credited with the telephone's invention. The early history of the phone became and nonetheless remains a confusing morass of claims and counterclaims, which were not clarified by the huge number of lawsuits filed in club to resolve the patent claims of the many individuals and commercial competitors. The Bell and Edison patents, yet, were commercially decisive, because they dominated phone technology and were upheld by court decisions in the United States.

The principal telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876

The modern telephone is the result of the work of many people.^[10] Alexander Graham Bong was, however, the kickoff to patent the telephone, as an "appliance for transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically". Bell has most often been credited as the inventor of the first applied telephone. Still, in Germany Johann Philipp Reis is seen as a leading phone pioneer who stopped only but brusk of a successful device, and likewise the Italian-American inventor and businessman Antonio Meucci has been recognized past the U.S. Firm of Representatives for his contributory piece of work on the telephone.^[11] Several other controversies also surround the question of priority of invention for the telephone.

The Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy considers the question of whether Bong and Gray invented the telephone independently and, if not, whether Bong stole the invention from Gray. This controversy is narrower than the broader question of who deserves credit for inventing the telephone, for which in that location are several claimants.

The Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell article reviews the controversial June 2002 United States Business firm of Representatives resolution recognizing Meucci's contributions 'in' the invention of the telephone (not 'for' the invention of the telephone). The same resolution was not passed in the U.S. Senate, thus labeling the House resolution equally "political rhetoric". A subsequent counter-motion was unanimously passed in Canada'due south Parliament 10 days later which declared Bong its inventor. This webpage examines disquisitional aspects of both the parliamentary motion and the congressional resolution.

Telephone substitution [edit]

The principal users of the electrical telegraph were post offices, railway stations, the more of import governmental centers (ministries), stock exchanges, very few nationally distributed newspapers, the largest internationally important corporations, and wealthy individuals.^[12]

Telegraph exchanges worked mainly on a store and forward basis. Although telephones devices were in use before the invention of the telephone commutation, their success and economic operation would have been incommunicable with the schema and structure of the gimmicky telegraph systems.

Prior to the invention of the phone switchboard, pairs of telephones were continued directly with each other, which was primarily useful for connecting a domicile to the owner's business concern (They practically functioned every bit a primitive intercom).^[13] A telephone exchange provides telephone service for a modest area. Either manually by operators, or automatically past motorcar switching equipment, it interconnects individual subscriber lines for calls made betwixt them. This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and comfy communication tool for many purposes, and it gave the impetus for the creation of a new industrial sector.

The telephone exchange was an idea of the Hungarian engineer Tivadar Puskás (1844–1893) in 1876, while he was working for Thomas Edison on a telegraph exchange.^[14] ^[15] ^[16] ^[17] ^[eighteen] The offset commercial telephone exchange was opened at New Haven, Connecticut, with 21 subscribers on 28 January 1878,^[19] in a storefront of the Boardman Building in New Haven, Connecticut. George W. Coy designed and built the world's starting time switchboard for commercial apply. Coy was inspired by Alexander Graham Bell's lecture at the Skiff Opera House in New Haven on 27 April 1877.^[19]

In Bong'southward lecture, during which a three-way telephone connection with Hartford and Middletown, Connecticut, was demonstrated, he first discussed the thought of a telephone exchange for the acquit of business and trade. On 3 November 1877, Coy applied for and received a franchise from the Bell Telephone Company for New Haven and Middlesex Counties. Coy, forth with Herrick P. Frost and Walter Lewis, who provided the capital, established the District Telephone Visitor of New Oasis on 15 January 1878.^[19]

The switchboard built past Coy was, co-ordinate to one source, constructed of "carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire." According to the company records, all the effects of the function, including the switchboard, were worth less than forty dollars. While the switchboard could connect as many as sixty-iv customers, only two conversations could be handled simultaneously and half-dozen connections had to be fabricated for each call.^[nineteen]

The District Phone Visitor of New Haven went into operation with simply twenty-one subscribers, who paid $one.l per month. By 21 February 1878, however, when the first phone directory was published by the company, fifty subscribers were listed. Well-nigh of these were businesses and listings such equally physicians, the police force, and the mail part; simply eleven residences were listed, four of which were for persons associated with the company.^[nineteen]

The New Haven Commune Telephone Company grew apace and was reorganized several times in its first years. Past 1880, the company had the right from the Bong Telephone Visitor to service all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts. Every bit it expanded, the visitor was kickoff renamed Connecticut Telephone, and so Southern New England Telephone in 1882.^[xix] The site of the first phone exchange was granted a designation equally a National Celebrated Landmark on 23 April 1965. However it was withdrawn in 1973 in lodge to demolish the edifice and construct a parking garage.^[xix]

Early phone developments [edit]

The following is a brief summary of the history of the development of the phone:

Early 7th Century AD - Chimu culture in Peru invents a cord telephone using gourds and stretched hide. The original antiquity is in the Smithsonian'southward National Museum of the American Indian storage facility in Suitland, Maryland.
1667: Robert Hooke invents a string telephone that conveys sounds over an extended wire by mechanical vibrations. Information technology was to be termed an 'acoustic' or 'mechanical' (non-electric) telephone.
1753: Charles Morrison proposes the thought that electricity can be used to transmit messages, by using different wires for each letter.^[xx]
1844: Innocenzo Manzetti kickoff moots the idea of a "speaking telegraph" (telephone).
1854: Charles Bourseul writes a memorandum on the principles of the telephone. (See the article: "Transmission électrique de la parole", L'Illustration, Paris, 26 August 1854.)
1854: Antonio Meucci demonstrates an electrical voice-operated device in New York; exactly what kind of device he demonstrates is unknown.
1861: Philipp Reis constructs the first voice communication-transmitting telephone
28 December 1871: Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat (No. 3353, a detect of intent to invent, but not a formal patent application) at the U.S. Patent Office for a device he names a "Audio Telegraph".^[21]
1872: Elisha Gray establishes Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" phone that is able to transmit "voicelike sounds", but non clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver are identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and in Nov builds an electro-dynamic receiver, but does non exploit it.
1875: Hungarian Tivadar Puskás (the inventor of the telephone exchange) arrives in the The states.
6 April 1875: Bong'due south U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electrical Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in make-intermission circuits, and the concept of multiplexed frequencies.
twenty January 1876: Bell signs and notarizes his patent awarding for the phone.
11 February 1876: Elisha Grey designs a liquid transmitter for employ with a telephone, but does not build one.
7 March 1876: Bell'south U.S. patent No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
10 March 1876: Bell transmits the sentence: "Mr. Watson, come up here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver.
x August 1876: Using the telegraph line between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, 8 miles (xiii kilometres) distant, Bell makes a phone call, said by some to exist the "world'south kickoff long-altitude call".^[22]
30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bong.
27 Apr 1877: Edison files for a patent on a carbon (graphite) transmitter. Patent No. 474,230 is granted on three May 1892, after a 15-year delay because of litigation. Edison is later granted patent No. 222,390 for a carbon granules transmitter in 1879.
six Oct 1877: Scientific American publishes the invention from Bell—at that time yet without a ringer.
25 Oct 1877: the article in Scientific American is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin
12 November 1877: The first commercial telephone company enters phone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin^[23] using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices built past Siemens.
1877: The first experimental Telephone Exchange is established in Boston.
1877: Get-go long-distance telephone line
1877: Emile Berliner invents the telephone transmitter.
14 January 1878: Bong demonstrates the telephone to Queen Victoria and makes the first publicly-witnessed long-distance calls in the U.k.. The queen tries the device and finds information technology to be "quite extraordinary".^[24]
26 January 1878: The first permanent telephone connection in the UK is fabricated between two businesses in Manchester
28 January 1878: The start commercial Us telephone substitution opens in New Haven, Connecticut.
15 June 1878: The first commercial cost line enters operation, connecting Springfield and Holyoke, Massachusetts^[25]
1887: Tivadar Puskás introduces the multiplex switchboard, that has an epochal significance in the further development of telephone exchanges.^[26]
1915: The start U.S. coast-to-coast long-distance telephone call, is ceremonially inaugurated by A.G. Bong in New York City and his former assistant Thomas Augustus Watson in San Francisco, California.
1927: The first transatlantic phone telephone call is made, from the U.s.a. to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[27]

Early commercial instruments [edit]

1917 wall telephone, open to prove magneto and local battery

Early telephones were technically various. Some of them used liquid transmitters which soon went out of utilise. Others were dynamic: their diaphragms vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or vice versa. Such sound-powered telephones survived in small-scale numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where the power to create its own electrical ability was crucial. Most, even so, used Edison/Berliner carbon transmitters, which were much louder than the other kinds, even though they required induction coils, actually acting as impedance matching transformers to make it compatible to the line impedance. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time telephone networks were more of import than the instrument.

Early telephones were locally powered by a dynamic transmitter. 1 of the jobs of exterior plant personnel was to visit each telephone periodically to inspect the bombardment. During the 20th century, the "common battery" performance came to dominate, and was powered past the "talk battery" from the phone substitution over the aforementioned wires that carried the voice signals. Late in the century, wireless handsets brought a revival of local battery power.

The primeval telephones had only one wire for transmitting and receiving of audio, and used a ground return path. The primeval dynamic telephones too had only i opening for audio, and the user listened and spoke into the aforementioned hole. Sometimes the instruments were operated in pairs at each finish, making conversation more convenient merely as well more than expensive.

Historical marker commemorating the offset telephone fundamental function in New York Land (1878)

At first, telephones were leased in pairs to the subscriber, for example one for his home and i for his shop, and the subscriber had to arrange with telegraph contractors to construct a line between them. Users who wanted the ability to speak to three or four different shops, suppliers etc. would obtain and set up up three or four pairs of telephones. Western Marriage, already using telegraph exchanges, chop-chop extended the principle to its telephones in New York City and San Francisco, and Bong was not slow in appreciating the potential.

Signaling began in an appropriately primitive manner. The user alerted the other terminate, or the exchange operator, by whistling into the transmitter. Commutation functioning soon resulted in telephones being equipped with a bong, first operated over a second wire and after with the same wire using a condenser. Telephones connected to the earliest Strowger automatic exchanges had seven wires, one for the pocketknife switch, one for each telegraph key, one for the bell, one for the button and ii for speaking.

Rural and other telephones that were not on a common battery exchange had hand cranked "magneto" generators to produce an alternating current to ring the bells of other telephones on the line and to alert the exchange operator.

In 1877 and 1878, Edison invented and developed the carbon microphone used in all telephones forth with the Bell receiver until the 1980s. Later protracted patent litigation, a federal courtroom ruled in 1892 that Edison and not Emile Berliner was the inventor of the carbon microphone. The carbon microphone was also used in radio broadcasting and public address work through the 1920s.

In the 1890s a new smaller style of telephone was introduced, the candlestick telephone, and information technology was packaged in 3 parts. The transmitter stood on a stand, known equally a "candlestick" for its shape. When not in use, the receiver hung on a hook with a switch in it, known equally a "switchhook." Previous telephones required the user to operate a separate switch to connect either the voice or the bell. With the new kind, the user was less likely to exit the telephone "off the hook". In phones connected to magneto exchanges, the bell, induction ringlet, battery, and magneto were in a separate bong box called a "ringer box." In phones connected to common bombardment exchanges, the ringer box was installed under a desk, or other out of the way place, since it did not demand a battery or magneto.

Cradle designs were also used at this fourth dimension, with a handle with the receiver and transmitter attached, separate from the cradle base that housed the magneto crank and other parts. They were larger than the "candlestick" and more popular.

Disadvantages of single-wire operation, such as crosstalk and hum from nearby Air-conditioning power wires, had already led to the utilize of twisted pairs and, for long-distance telephones, iv-wire circuits. Users at the beginning of the 20th century did non place long-distance calls from their ain telephones but fabricated an appointment to employ a special sound-proofed long-distance telephone booth furnished with the latest technology.

Around 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons—known every bit teledensity—was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a full of 27,658 subscribers).^[28] This compares with 0.iv in the United states of america for that year.^[29] Phone service in Sweden developed through a multifariousness of institutional forms: the International Bell Telephone Company (a U.S. multinational), town and hamlet co-operatives, the General Telephone Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department (function of the Swedish government). Since Stockholm consists of islands, telephone service offered relatively big advantages, just had to utilize submarine cables extensively. Competition between Bell Telephone and General Telephone, and later between General Telephone and the Swedish Telegraph Dept., was intense.

In 1893, the U.South. was considerably backside Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in teledensity. The U.S. became the world leadership in teledensity with the rising of many contained telephone companies after the Bong patents expired in 1893 and 1894.

20th-century developments [edit]

Former Receiver schematic, c.1906

Superlative of cellular telephone tower

By 1904, over three million phones in the U.S.^[30] were connected past transmission switchboard exchanges. By 1914, the U.S. was the world leader in phone density and had more than than twice the teledensity of Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Kingdom of norway. The relatively good operation of the U.Due south. occurred despite competing telephone networks not interconnecting.^[31] On January 7, 1927, Westward. S. Gifford, president of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, called Evelyn P. Murray to examination the starting time commercial telephone line across the Atlantic Bounding main.^[27]

What turned out to be the most popular and longest-lasting concrete mode of phone was introduced in the early 20th century, including Bell's model 102 phone. A carbon granule transmitter and electromagnetic receiver were united in a single molded plastic handle, which when non in utilize were placed in a cradle in the base unit. The circuit diagram^[32] of the model 102 shows the straight connexion of the receiver to the line, while the transmitter was induction coupled, with energy supplied by a local bombardment. The coupling transformer, battery, and ringer were in a separate enclosure from the desk-bound set up. The rotary punch in the base of operations interrupted the line current by repeatedly but very briefly disconnecting the line one to x times for each digit, and the hook switch (in the center of the circuit diagram) permanently disconnected the line and the transmitter battery while the handset was on the cradle.

Starting in the 1930s, the base of the telephone as well enclosed its bong and induction coil, obviating the demand for a separate ringer box. Power was supplied to each subscriber line past key-function batteries instead of the user'southward local bombardment, which required periodic service. For the next half century, the network behind the telephone grew progressively larger and much more efficient, and, afterwards the rotary dial was added, the instrument itself inverse trivial until Touch-Tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s.

The history of mobile phones tin can be traced back to ii-way radios permanently installed in vehicles such as taxicabs, police force cruisers, railroad trains, and the like. After versions such every bit the then-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette-lighter plug so that they could as well be carried, and thus could exist used equally either mobile two-way radios or as portable phones by being patched into the telephone network.

In December 1947, Bell Labs engineers Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Immature proposed hexagonal cell transmissions for mobile phones.^[33] Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the jail cell towers exist at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions (meet picture at correct) into 3 side by side hexagon cells.^[34] ^[35] The technology did not be and so and the radio frequencies had non yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bong Labs adult the electronics.

Meanwhile, the 1956 inauguration of the TAT-ane cable and later international direct dialing were important steps in putting together the various continental telephone networks into a global network.

On iii April 1973, Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular-telephone call (in front of reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T'southward Bong Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular-mobile phone.

Cablevision-television companies began to utilize their fast-developing cable networks with ducting under the streets of the United Kingdom in the late 1980s to provide telephony services in clan with major telephone companies. 1 of the early on cablevision operators in the UK, Cable London, connected its get-go cable phone customer in virtually 1990.

Digital phone technology [edit]

The rapid evolution and broad adoption of pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital telephony was enabled by metallic–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology.^[36] The MOS field-upshot transistor (MOSFET) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Phone Laboratories in 1959, and the MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC) chip was proposed soon afterwards, but MOS technology was initially overlooked by Bell because they did not find it practical for analog phone applications, before information technology was commercialized by Fairchild and RCA for digital electronics such as computers.^[37] ^[36] MOS technology eventually became practical for telephone applications with the MOS mixed-bespeak integrated circuit, which combines analog and digital betoken processing on a unmarried chip, developed by former Bell engineer David A. Hodges with Paul R. Gray at UC Berkeley in the early on 1970s.^[36] In 1974, Hodges and Grayness worked with R.E. Suarez to develop MOS switched capacitor (SC) circuit technology, which they used to develop the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) scrap, using MOSFETs and MOS capacitors for data conversion. This was followed past the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) chip, developed by Gray and J. McCreary in 1975.^[36]

MOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec-filter fries in the belatedly 1970s.^[36] ^[38] The silicon-gate CMOS (complementary MOS) PCM codec-filter chip, developed past Hodges and W.C. Black in 1980,^[36] has since been the industry standard for digital telephony.^[36] ^[38] Past the 1990s, telecommunication networks such equally the public switched phone network (PSTN) had been largely digitized with very-large-calibration integration (VLSI) CMOS PCM codec-filters, widely used in switching systems for telephone exchanges, individual branch exchanges (PBX) and central telephone systems (KTS); user-finish modems; information transmission applications such every bit digital loop carriers, pair gain multiplexers, telephone loop extenders, integrated services digital network (ISDN) terminals, digital cordless telephones and digital jail cell phones; and applications such as speech communication recognition equipment, voice information storage, voice mail and digital tapeless answering machines.^[38] The bandwidth of digital telecommunication networks has been chop-chop increasing at an exponential charge per unit, as observed past Edholm's law,^[39] largely driven by the rapid scaling and miniaturization of MOS applied science.^[forty] ^[36]

The British companies Pye TMC, Marconi-Elliott and GEC adult the digital push-button telephone, based on MOS IC technology, in 1970. It was variously chosen the "MOS telephone", the "push-button telephone scrap", and the "telephone on a fleck". It used MOS IC logic, with thousands of MOSFETs on a chip, to catechumen the keypad input into a pulse bespeak. This made it possible for push button-button telephones to be used with pulse dialing at most phone exchanges.^[41] ^[42] MOS telephone technology introduced a new feature: the use of MOS memory chips to store phone numbers, which could then exist used for speed dialing at the push of a push button.^[41] ^[42] ^[43] This was demonstrated in the Uk by Pye TMC, Marcno-Elliot and GEC in 1970.^[41] ^[42] Betwixt 1971 and 1973, Bell combined MOS technology with touch-tone engineering science to develop a button-button MOS touch-tone telephone called the "Touch-O-Matic" phone, which could shop upward to 32 phone numbers. This was made possible by the depression toll, low power requirements, pocket-sized size and high reliability of MOSFETs, over 15,000 of which were independent on x MOS IC chips, including one chip for logic, one for the keypad dial interface, and viii for memory.^[44]

Women'southward usage in the 20th century [edit]

Private chat, 1910

The telephone was instrumental to modernization. It aided in the development of suburbs and the separation of homes and businesses, but too became a reason for the separation between women occupying the private sphere and men in the public sphere.^[45] Both historically and currently, women are predominantly responsible for the telephone calls that bridge the public and private sphere, such equally calls regarding doctor's appointments and meetings.^[46]

21st-century developments [edit]

Internet Protocol (IP) telephony, besides known as Internet telephony or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a confusing engineering that is rapidly gaining ground against traditional telephone network technologies.

Modern Apple tree Iphone. This phone is considered a smartphone

IP telephony uses a broadband Internet service to transmit conversations equally information packets. In addition to replacing the traditional plain one-time phone service (POTS) systems, IP telephony competes with mobile telephone networks by offer free or lower price service via WiFi hotspots. VoIP is also used on individual wireless networks which may or may not accept a connection to the outside telephone network.

Telecommunications of the 21st century has been dominated by the evolution of the smartphone. This is a combination of a hand-held estimator, a cellular phone, a digital camera, and Cyberspace access. One of its features is the touch screen that facilitates the principal interaction for users for nearly tasks, such as dialing phone numbers. Some of its software features also include electronic mail communication, besides as sound and video playback and capture.

See likewise [edit]

Bell Phone Memorial, a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone
Carbon microphone
Charles Bourseul – claimed inventor of the phone
Elisha Gray
Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy
History of mobile phones
History of telecommunication
History of videotelephony
Innocenzo Manzetti
Invention of the telephone
Johann Philipp Reis – claimed inventor of the telephone
Antonio Meucci – claimed inventor of the telephone
Private branch exchange
Push-push button telephone
Telephone exchange
The Phone Cases, a series of court decisions in the U.Due south. on the telephone'due south invention
Thomas Edison's carbon telephone transmitter – greatly improved the telephone's sound quality
Timeline of the telephone

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This article includes text from Withdrawal of National Historic Landmark Designation: Site of the Showtime Phone Commutation, New Oasis, New Haven County, Connecticut, by the United States National Park Service, a work in the public domain.

External links [edit]

Silvanus P. Thompson - Philipp Reis: Inventor of the Telephone A Biographical Sketch, London, 1883
Kempe, Harry Robert; Garcke, Emile (1911). "Telephone". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 547–557.
"Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)". Scottish Science Hall of Fame. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 31 Jan 2014.
History of the Telephone in Washington, DC - Ghosts of DC web log
Jay 50. Zagorsky (14 March 2019). "Rise and fall of the landline: 143 years of telephones becoming more accessible – and smart". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 April 2022.